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Amaranthus brownii
''Amaranthus brownii'' is an annual herb in the Amaranthaceae family. The plant is found only on the small island of Nihoa in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, growing on rocky outcrops at altitudes of . It is one of nine species of ''Amaranthus'' in the Hawaiian Islands, but the only endemic Hawaiian species of the genus. It was first discovered during the Tanager Expedition in 1923 by botanist Edward Leonard Caum. ''A. brownii'' differs from other Hawaiian species of ''Amaranthus'' with its spineless leaf axils, linear leaves, and indehiscent fruits.
It is one of 26 vascular plants on Nihoa, 17 of which are indigenous, six alien, and three endemic only to Nihoa, including ''A. brownii'', the Nihoa Fan Palm or ''loulu'', and the Nihoa Carnation. ''A. brownii'' is considered the rarest plant on Nihoa and has not been directly observed on the island since 1983. Past expeditions collected plant samples and seeds, but no specimens have managed to survive ex-situ conservation efforts outside of its native habitat. There are no known plants or seeds from ''A. brownii'' in any botanical gardens.
Conservation and recovery plans for ''A. brownii'' have been proposed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) which administers the island of Nihoa as part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. In 1996, the plant was listed by the FWS as an endangered species. In 2003, the FWS designated the island of Nihoa as a critical habitat for the plant and it was classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. The plant is one of 51 endangered or threatened plants in the Hawaiian Islands listed under the Endangered Species Act.
==Taxonomy==
The species was first collected during a ten-day visit to the island of Nihoa by the Tanager Expedition. Botanist Edward Leonard Caum collected the first specimen on June 17, 1923, and a second was collected by cartographer Charles S. Judd on June 20, 1923. Forest B. H. Brown, botanist of the Bayard Dominick Expedition to the Marquesas Islands (1921–1922), helped provide descriptions and comments for some of the species described by Erling Christophersen and Caum.〔Christophersen & Caum 1931, p. 4: "At the time when we started work on the "Tanager" collections Dr. F. B. H. Brown had already described some of the new species and varieties which they contained, and his descriptions are here included He has also passed his opinion on some of the other plants for which we express our indebtedness."〕 They named ''A. brownii'' after Brown in 1931 with the publication of their paper "Vascular plants of the Leeward Islands, Hawaii". In the paper they originally described ''A. brownii'' as one of 20 vascular plant species on the island of Nihoa.〔Christophersen & Caum 1931, p. 5; Clapp 1977, p. 147.〕 The FWS does not recognize a common name.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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